Contract of Documents between Macbeth and Noddy Bank

The contract for sale which Macbeth had entered with Weetocrunch Ltd is a separate contract with that of the contract entered with the banks with regards to the documentary credits. For the purposes of this question, we are only dealing with the contract of the documents between Macbeth and the confirming bank, Noddy Bank. Noddy bank had been authorized in this case by the issuing bank, Toytown Bank to pay the beneficiary, also known as the seller, Macbeth for the goods he had shipped to Weetocrunch.It is only upon presentation by Macbeth of valid documents that complies with the terms and requirements stated in the Letter of credit that had been opened by Toytown Bank on behalf of Weetocrunch, that he can receive his payment. As it is the letter of credit acts as some form of safeguard for seller that he will receive his payment as once the bank opens the letter of credit, they are under a contractual obligation to pay the seller upon presentation of complying documents.In this case , it can be seen that the documents presented by Macbeth had been ejected twice by the bank, first on the grounds that the documents are not original and secondly where the description of the goods in the bill of lading differs. For that we refer to the body known as Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP) which governs the practice of documentary credit. It should be noted that the law construed by UCP must be incorporated into the contract by the parties for it to have legal effect.However, even if it is not incorporated, the courts are likely to view it as impliedly incorporated as it has gained igh level of acceptance among international bankers. Therefore, assuming that IJCP applies in this case, the documents involved are bound by the UCP articles. Under UCP 600, article 15, the bank that is presented with documents have to ensure that they comply with the terms of the credit and if the document complies, they have to pay and under IJCP 500 article 13(a), th e bank is to examine the documents with reasonable care to ascertain whether they appear on the face to be in compliance with the requirement of the credit.If the documents are however not in ompliance, the bank under UCP 600 article 14(b) reserves the right to reject them. It is therefore establish here that the bank do have a right to reject documents. In this case then, the two issues to be dealt with are (1) whether the bank had the right to reject the photocopied custom certificate and (2)whether the bank had the right to reject the bill of lading because of the description error.Issue 1: UCP 600, Article 17(b) states that there should at least be one original of each stipulated document be tendered to the bank and it shall be treated as original it it ore an original signature, mark, stamp or label of the issuer of the document unless the document indicates it is not original and under 17(c), a bank shall also accept a document as original if it appears so be written, typed or stamped by the document issuer's hand, or by the document issuer's original stationary or states that it is original.In this case, it is not stated whether the document had any kind of markings of whether it was indicated as original on it, it was merely stated that it was a photocopied version that was rejected. Assuming that there were no markings as uch, then It could be inferred that the rejection was Justified following the case of Glencore International AG v Bank of China where the documents were rejected because the photocopies were not marked as original.In that case, it was also stated that a signature on photocopied piece does not make it an original but merely an authenticated copy. However, following the case of Credit Industriel et Commercial v China Merchants Bank, it was held that for obvious original documents, they need not be marked and for photocopied documents where there is a stamp of the upplier's name, address and telephone no. with an ink signature, the cour t accepted it as original even though it was not stamped ‘original'.Therefore if there were such markings found on the photocopied custom certificate and the bank had rejected it, the bank may be liable for wrongly rejecting the documents. Issue 2: As mentioned earlier, the bank have to put up with strict compliance when handling documents presented by the beneficiaries. They have to ensure that the documents meets the necessary terms and conditions stated in the letter of credit and as once emarked by Viscount Sumner in Equitable Trust Co of New York v Dawson Partners Ltd, there is no room for documents which are almost the same, or which will do Just as well. In Seaconsar Far East Ltd v Bank Markazi Jomhouri Islami Iran, the letter of credit stipulated that all the documents presented must bear LC number and the buyer's name. When one of the document failed to have the LC no. on it, the bank rejected it and the court found that its action was Justified. Similarly, in JH Rayn er & Co Ltd, Hambro's Bank Ltd, the credit stipulated â€Å"Coromandel Groundnuts† but the eller presented a bill of lading that states â€Å"Machine-shelled groundnuts. Though it had been known for these terms to be used interchangeable, the court found that the bank had the right to reject the documents. By following this case itself, we might be able to infer that the bank was right in rejecting the documents when the bill of lading states ‘Eastern Wheat' instead of ‘Ruritanian wheat'and that fact that it is well known in the wheat trade that the wheat are identical will not matter.However, Macbeth may still have a chance if they are able to prove that the error was ne of trivial discrepancy. As stated under IJCP 600 article 30(b), the IJCP do allow certain discrepancies. However, what is meant by trivial is unclear. In Glencore International AG v Bank of China, the word branch which was used instead of brand was tound to be merely an error whereas the court w as not as generous in Beyene v Irving Trust Co. , where the bill of lading which had misspelled Mohammed Soran instead of Mohammed Sofan was rejected.It is therefore not certain whether Macbeth will be able to reply on this but chances are it appears to be very slim. b) As explained in question (a), the bank will have to put up with strict compliance when handling with the documents presented by the beneficiaries and they reserve the right to reject the documents when following their own Judgment and feels that it does not comply with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit.In this second situation, it not much about an accepting or rejecting documents matter but one which involves fraud. An amendment has been made to the bill of lading by someone to change the date of shipment from 2 February to 31 January and although it has een clearly stated that Macbeth was not responsible for this amendment, he may still be liable for fraud under misrepresentation if he carries on to seek for payment as he was aware of the alteration.In the case Standard Chartered Bank v Pakistan National Shipping Corpn, it was held that there will be fraud if the beneficiary or their agent presents documents knowing they contain untrue statements and intending they should be acted on by the person receiving the documents and it will not matter whatever their motive was. It will be a totally different issue however here the beneficiary or the agent was not aware of the untruth and had acted in good faith.In this case however it appears unlikely to be so as Macbeth had made a discovery. Therefore, if Macbeth continues to tender the shipping documents to the Noddy bank, Noddy bank will reserve the right to refuse payment if the bank is able to rely on the alteration of the dates on the bill of lading as compelling evidence of fraudulent presentation by Macbeth. What Macbeth will have to do now after rejection is to after the original company where he had bought the wheat from.

Types of Human Cloning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Types of Human Cloning - Research Paper Example During the period of 2006, FDA approved the use of cloned products such as plants and animals for the dietary purpose of individuals living in the US. Human cloning is a term used to define the creation of a genetically similar copy of a human being (MacKinnon 9). In this research the focus will not be cloning of animals and plants, rather the focus will be on human cloning, types of human cloning and the advantages and disadvantages associated with it. Reproductive cloning is one form of human cloning which is used to produce one or more than one individuals who are genetically identical to each other. During the period of the 1990s, the process of reproductive cloning was utilized in order to create identical clones of mammals such as sheep and pigs and one of the most famous examples of this activity was the production of Dolly (MacKinnon 56). Later several countries started banning the process in order to put a stop to the process of reproductive cloning for human beings. Another form of human cloning is DNA cloning which is even regarded as molecular cloning or cloning of the gene or recombinant DNA technology which is used to refer to the procedure through which multiple replicas of an individual fragment of DNA is created (MacKinnon 139). This kind of cloning can be conducted in several forms, for example, cloning of entire fragment of the gene can be conducted or a portion of the fragment of the DNA can be cloned or certain sequences of the DNA can be cloned. There are four steps involved in the process of DNA cloning, these include, fragmentation in which string of DNA is divided, the next step is the ligation part in which different parts of DNA are glued together in a sequence that is desirable, the third step is recognized as transfection, in this step the newly created DNA is inserted into cells and the last step is recognized as selection in which those cells that were transfected successfully with the DNA are selected (MacKinnon 116).

Identify and research a problem caused by a U.S. corporation and then Essay

Identify and research a problem caused by a U.S. corporation and then to convince the audience that something must be done to stop them from doing this - Essay Example Even the crucial and vital concerns like statutory provisions, environmental laws, social norms, business ethics and general well being of the society are more then often compromised by the corporations to achieve their fiscal and marketing targets (Chris 16). Any well informed citizen with reasonable levels of exposure to the print and digital media will conclusively testify to the fact that more then often corporations have been found to be willing to damage the world to make more money. This deliberate willingness to hurt the human values by any individual or institution definitely deserves the concern and intervention of a civil society based on democratic values and ideals. The US based corporations, being a part of a thriving capitalist and democratic society, aught to be held responsible for the breach of statutory provisions and public trust committed by them. However, the primary problem hampering this ideal is the fact that the corporations have over the years, assimilated themselves into the society in a way that does not extend the people with specific rights and mechanisms to facilitate a close scrutiny of their day today operations. The very framework and design of the corporations extends them with the ability and power to side step or sideline the public intervention or interference. Public institutions run by the tax payers' money are constitutionally accountable to the masses and the people do have the power to comment on the validity of the decisions taken by them, though indirectly through the provision of voting and adult franchise. The private corporations tend to differ from the state institutions in the sense that they are not liable to seek the approval and validation of the masses as they are privately funded and managed. Besides the enormous funds and political power that they have at their disposal makes them practically immune to public opinion and concern. Infact such an arrangement stands to be a grave injustice to any free and democratic society. The society can not and should not be denied the right to have a say in the affairs of such big and powerful concerns like private sector corporations.This heavy handedness of the US based MNCs becomes even more unrestrained when it comes to doing business in the third world nations. Not only the statutory and monitoring arrangements in the third world countries are often vulnerable to outside influences and powers, but the rampant corruption in such nations makes it relatively easier for the private corporations to bypass and ignore the public well being, environmental laws and business ethics (Basu 34). Even if their misdeeds and blunders get exposed owing to the media activism, the massive clout and influence that the US corporations enjoy in the federal and state legislatures facilitates them with ample government backing and support, which is sometimes sufficient to snub or scare away the state and private objections and resistance. At the end of the day, the corporations have to prove it to their stockholders that they are making huge profits. This quest for profit motivates and lures the corporations to exploit and manipulate the loopholes existing in the arcane laws and administrative structures in the

International Trade and Comparative Advantage Essay

International Trade and Comparative Advantage - Essay Example In the short run, farmers may be able to gain profits from planting tobacco but it must be kept in mind that the buyers of their crop are a very specialized group of companies. In the long run, their product can not be sold to everyone since even a smoker would have little use for raw tobacco unless it has been refined, packaged and sold as a finished product. This means that with time, the tobacco companies will be able to dictate the price at which they will buy tobacco or not. Additionally, if the farmer has taken a loan from the tobacco company then the dependency of the farmer on the company is doubled. The company will be able to push the price downwards or ask the farmer to bring more area under the cultivation of tobacco. In domestic terms, since the farmer will not be producing as much food crop, the prices of other food items would be expected to rise due to their relative scarcity. This comes across as a negative practice but for the tobacco companies, this is smart business which is not blocked by the American government (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2006). Acme Motors makes engines in the Nuevo Laredo facility simply because the assembly and manufacture of engine parts is much cheaper in the region. Engine assembly is an extremely labor intensive process and since labor is not that expensive in the region the overall cost of the engine is lowered. The other parts which are bolted on to the engine to complete the car are handled with automated robots to a large extent therefore the engines can be shipped back across the border to finalize the production of the car in America. This is a part of the international trade that is supposed to bring a better understanding for people around the globe and improve the human condition (UNCITRAL, 2006). Acme motors gains two significant advantages with this situation. First, the cost of

Clownfish Mating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Clownfish Mating - Essay Example In this struggle, the male clownfish is quite belligerent towards the female and shows his desire by biting, chasing and extending his fins. The female clownfish mates with the male one after some struggle. After it, she lays eggs on a flat surface cleared by the male clownfish and built into a nest. The eggs that are laid by the female clownfish are fertilized and guarded by the male clownfish. He is the one who takes care of the eggs. He becomes free when the eggs get hatched and larvae come out of the hatched eggs. Clownfish is a beautiful fish that is liked all over the world because of its elegant style and appearance. People like to keep clownfish in their aquariums in order to increase the beauty of an aquarium. Clownfish, which is also called anemone fish, belongs to the order Perciformes, its family is Pomacentridae, its genus is Amphiprion and its species is ocellaris (Boyer 2009). Its scientific name is Amphiprion ocellaris (Fishlore.com 2007a). Clownfish is called anemone fish because of its symbiotic relationship with sea anemones (Hoff 1996). Symbiosis can be defined as a process in which, both the organisms are benefited because of the relationship that is formed between them. Clownfish and sea anemone forms a symbiotic association with the anemone due to which, clownfish as well as the sea anemone, both are mutually in advantage (Fishlore.com 2007b). As far as its habitat is concerned, the clownfish is found in warm waters, which are oceanic and sultry (Boyer 2009). The clownfish is usually at most 5 inches long and at least 2 inches small. The male clownfish is smaller in size than female clownfish (Randall, et. al 1997). There is a very interesting fact about clownfish and its gender. When a clownfish gives birth, all the newly born are males (Fishlore.com 2007a). In fact, the clownfish is male at its birth and remains male until it becomes dominant than other male clownfish around it. When one clownfish grows in size and gets

Management and globel economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management and globel economy - Essay Example ive application of cross cultural teams can offer a source of experience and inventive thinking that enhances the competitive position of the organization. Nonetheless, cultural disparities are can impede with the successful completion of projects in present multicultural, global business society. To attain project objectives and avoid cultural misapprehensions, project managers should be culturally sensitive and support creativity and motivation through flexible headship. They should also apply the famous and accepted cross cultural management theories for the benefit of the company and society. Theories tackle connections between populace, motivational direction, orientation toward threat, definition of oneself and others, outlooks to time, and attitudes to the atmosphere. Motivation and training of multicultural projects groups and appropriate inferences for project management is an integral in business success. Cultural differences in business management affect people as it affec ts the relationships between people. Two main, distinct cultural dissimilarities can be identified concerned this relationship. It leads to egoism and collectivism approaches, which further develops universalism versus particularism as well as individualism and communitarians. Managers also apply motivational orientation whereby society’s means to deal with intrinsic vagueness of living. In this aspect, masculinity and femininity, uncertainty averting, and control distance are issues to consider. Another aspect to consider is outlooks toward time between long-term and short-term courses, which are either inner or outer time. For instance, Unilever applies cultural differences approaches at it operates in over hundred countries with different cultures. The case study of Unilever is an inspiration to corporations that fancy thriving in the fast-moving economy. Unilever has long considered adaptation a chief factor of success in the consumer goods sector globally, mostly in the

The Impact Of Behavior On Individual Success Essay Example for Free

The Impact Of Behavior On Individual Success Essay INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Success means different things to different people. For some it means having a healthy family, living in a nice home, and working at a good job. For others it means fancy cars, glamorous surroundings, fame and of course, fortune. In addition, each person’s definition of success changes as his or her life moves and changes. At one point in life, success might mean falling in love and entering into a long-term relationship with another person; at another point it might mean devoting a significant amount to travel or put the kids through school; and at still another point in time, it might mean devoting a significant amount of time and energy to spiritual matters, Even though every individual has a different and ever-changing definition of success, what motivates each and ever one of us to pursue success is our desire for a happier and more fulfilling life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Success, therefore, is more about emotional satisfaction than it is about maternal reality. It is more of a state of mind than a state of being. When we set our sights on a new job, more money, a new car, a better relationship, what we are really asking for is happiness that is a very worthy goal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We have become a society that desires immediate gratifications above all else. More often than not, when we watch television or go to the movies, we see this desire projected onto characters who usually have no real means of earning a living, but who possess everything we want: money, lovely homes, and many other material things. There is no great mystery surrounding what constitutes the material dimension. Our ability to think inwardly, to reason, is what separates us from other living creatures. This ability to think inwardly and pursue tranquility is what makes living worthwhile. This paper looks at the impact of behavior on individual success and the ways people can improve their success by improving their behaviors and actions. The performance of a business depends on how its organization behaves in the midst of dynamic environment, competition and diversified consumers. The success and failure of a business firm rely much on the type of its organizational behavior. A business firm encounters uncertainty and risk in its operation which mostly related to changes in the economic condition, consumer preferences and competitors. There is also the challenge brought by the highly competitive market that a business firm has to face. In addition, organizational behavior includes changes in its internal organization such as the employees, shareholders and the management. George Jones (2000) define organizational behavior as â€Å"the study of the many factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations and how organizations manage their environments.† It deals with the interaction between the organization and the individuals or its employees. The study of organizational behavior provides a set of tools that explains why people in an organization stay for many years or leave in a short period of time. It also explains why there are people who are considered assets in a company but others are not. The study of organizational behavior also serves as an instrument that allows the management to identify strength and weaknesses of each individual or group. In this way, promoting changes in an organization will improve the capacity of each member to achieve the organization’s common goal and objective. Gibson et al (2002)   maintains that effective management of behaviors needs an understanding of theory research and practice. It is essential that these three characteristics be incorporated both in individual and organizational success. Author Derrick sums up his idea of an ethical way of life as being a passionate way of life as well when he begins his book with the saying that â€Å"An ethical endeavor at which you can work with passion and integrity is a key component in a satisfying life.† Derrick is not the common self-help psychology author. The reader is made to feel that what he says is sacred and worth reading. He has all his insights about life in that book. It seems that passion is a main issue to him as he repeats it again on page 18 as he says. An ethical life is, of necessity, a passionate one (p. 18). As one reads the book, the reader is reminded how the values he expounds in his book can be linked to actual work settings. For instance, the value of courage as he explains is not so much in being brave but in owning up to one’s duties and responsibilities. Blaming has never been an asset in any company, especially a prison where a mistake can be fatal when things go awry. When people start blaming other departments for the problems that arise, then, there must something wrong with the way that institution has been established  in the first place. What is sure though is the faulty attitude that makes up that particular organization. This is also a big communication barrier that needs immediate remedy. When one has a grudge against someone, he tends to make that someone responsible for everything he finds wrong. But when one is honest about his dealings with people, then that honesty returns back to him many folded.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When a person in one department blames someone, his desire to judge and punish is often what is at work. Someone blames another when he is angry because the action made things turn out differently than he wished—if not through his words, then through his manner and tone of voice. One can put all the responsibility for what happened to him, in a way that implies what he did was â€Å"wrong† or â€Å"bad.† Moreover, blame breeds resentment. â€Å"it’s your fault!† is a red-flag phrase. It is to a person what a matador’s cape is to a bull. The hooker in blame is that smidgen of truth in what one said or implied. One can seldom say, â€Å"That’s just what you feel-it has nothing to do with me.† When a person’s blamer goes to work, it is very canny.  It knows exactly where to go zap, where to pick out that nasty kernel of truth. A put-down artist is an expert at zeroing in on where you feel bad about oneself and making him feel even smaller there.   Two messages get mixed up in blame: one party’s statement of how he feels (I’m angry and disappointed†) and one’s evaluation of the other party (â€Å"Scum like you shouldn’t be aloud to work in this company.†). The feelings about the situation are often hidden in the â€Å"you-are-bad† message, instead of being said straight out. One-way blaming in the organization is overcome is help open up communication between two blaming departments. Members of these departments must also be reminded that they need to take responsibility for their part in what happened. In the end,   there is respect to the proper authorities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Each organization has its own characteristics depicted by the behaviors of its members or employees. They share a common behavior which is already established among them even though employees come and go over time. This common behavior is considered as an organizational culture that bonds the relationship among employees and management. Employees will only adapt to this culture and it is difficult for anyone to deviate. Hence, an organizational culture also influences the behavior of an individual. Since it is very hard to deviate from an organizational culture, adjustment in most cases takes time. Organizational culture also changes overtime. An example of this is the changes in workplace environment. Traditionally, a workplace environment is characterized by workstation, office space or building. With the advent of new technology in communication, the use of virtual office has been introduced. A virtual office allows an employee to work at home or at any place of his or her convenience. An organization culture may develop in this kind of work environment that will involve even workers located all over the globe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The introduction of new technologies in communication, the internet in particular, provides many opportunities for many business firms. Business firms can expand its market from local to international customers. However, business firms will also face the threat of increasing competition and the uncertainty of customer preferences. The diversity of the competitors and costumers in the world market is a big challenge for creating new business strategies. Competitors are diversified in terms of product features, prices and selling schemes. On the other hand, customers differ in preferences, taste and purchasing power. In addition, the international market itself is diversified in terms of government regulations, technological facilities, culture, tradition and religion. (Leading Quietly).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The new challenges brought by the diversified international market require organizational effectiveness and efficiency to succeed in business. Organizational effectiveness and efficiency rely much on the business strategies that decision-makers formulate. Each organization is unique and has its own characteristics. This means that decision-makers such as managers and corporate heads must have business strategies fit to the needs of the organizations. Decisions should consider internal and external factors as well as short- and long-term goals that affect business goals. However, any decision made also comes with risk in which the outcome may not be satisfactory. But this may serve as a learning experience for an organization to improve its performance in the future especially in terms of the way they conduct their business (Business Ethics).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Organizational learning is part of an organization’s development process. Business strategies evolve overtime as market shifts from simple to complex customer needs. Effective learning process among decision-makers includes their relationship with the market, colleagues and the organization. They should learn as an individual to make themselves more capable and effective. They should also learn as an organization to impart with them the organization’s goals and objectives. Organizational learning varies in different form. Some organizations learn from external factors while others learn from within. External factors such as business cycles, economic condition and competitors’ behavior influence management’s decision. Likewise, internal factors such as employees’ empowerment, management change and organizational restructure affect business performance. Asking is a process of learning within an organization. It is not wrong for a manager to ask or seek suggestions from his or her subordinates. This management style can introduce teamwork within the organization. The role of a manager may shift from one who direct, commands or dictates tasks to one who coaches, coordinates or oversees business goals. However, this type of management practice requires that employees should share with the organization’s goal, mission and strategies. This only happens if communication between the organization and the employees has been well-established. Communication starts in the beginning of employment. Each employee should be aware of the organization’s mission, vision and goal. He or she knows the importance of the job that he or she will perform and how this will contribute to achieve the organization’s goal. An employee’s perception may be different from the way he or she behaves in an organization. However, better communication between the organization itself and the employees will facilitate as corrective tools to the perception of an employee that might be influenced by his or her work environment. Bell has insightful nuggets of wisdom interspersed in his book as he views corrupt leaders as being too much money-oriented. People need to be informed about standing up for one’s true beliefs. An example here is  when departments do not communicate or update the status of information, because they are afraid the boss will be angry. To avoid this, employees must be able to follow up to determine whether important messages have been understood. Feedback doesn’t have to be verbal; in fact, actions often speak louder than words. The sales manager who describes desired changes in the monthly sales planning report receives feedback from the report itself when it is turned in. If it contains the proper changes, the manager knows the message was received and understood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Managers who tell everyone to see the big picture often create a serious communication overload. Rather than trying to keep everyone involved, top-level management need   to follow the â€Å"need-to-know† principle transmitting communication and updating people in other areas of the organization that need the necessary information. Sometimes it is useful to regulate the flow of information and procedures that need to be brought to the attention of the people in the other departments. As long as performance falls within the acceptable range, the regular procedures are followed. References Bell, D.(2002).   Ethical Ambition: Living a Life of Meaning and Worth. Sept.- Oct. 2002 Bloomsbury of New York and London October 2002. Business Ethics. Retrieved Jan 11, 2007 at: http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0130797723/ref=sib_dp_pt/104-1829689-6709521#reader-page George, J., Jones, G. (2000). Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc. Retrieved Jan 11, 2007 at: from, http://www.prenhall.com/managementzone/georgemob3/ Gibson, James, Ivancevich, John, Donnelly, James and Konopaske, Robert. (2002). Organizations Behavior, Structure Process. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. 11th edition. Leading Quietly. Retrieved Jan 11, 2007 at: http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1578514878/ref=sib_rdr_ex/104-1829689-6709521?%5Fencoding=UTF8p=S00Qj=0#reader-page